Keep Michael Blair Alive!
PO Box 44340
Tacoma, Washington 98444-0340

Parasites affect health and wellness

Humans can unwittingly become a host for various forms of parasites--the literature is full of citations that discuss this issue. The word "zoonosis" is defined as a disease communicable from animals to humans under natural conditions. As household pets (domestic cats, dogs) have become an integral part of our lives, (we have one of each!) so have the parasites that lived outside become a part of our indoors. Keeping a "kitty litter pan" in the house invites the parasites associated with cat feces to become a part of the very air we breath indoors.

In any person, but particularly in the immune compromised person, the existence of parasites, (Viruses, Bacteria, Phytoparasites, Zooparasites, Ectoparasites, Endoparasites) can provide a mechanism for stressors related to human disease.

Parasites need to be identified and destroyed in all of us, to promote health and wellness--but it is especially important for those who already suffer the body stressors of dis-ease.1

"More than two billion people worldwide suffer unnecessary parasitic infections. As far as can be determined, Americans play host to more than 130 different kinds of parasites, ranging from microscopic organisms to sizeable tapeworms. Projections for the year 2025 suggest that more than half of the 8.3 billion people on earth at that time will be infected with at least one parasitic disease. The CDC estimates that there are fifty million cases of food-borne illnesses alone, with thousands dying as a result. Some parasites can remain in the body for more than thirty years. This was proven when WWII POW's were examined thirty years later. It was found that 15% were still infected with strongyloides acquired during that war. More recently, when more than 500,000 American troops returned from Desert Storm, they were told not to donate blood because they had been exposed to Leishmania. Without question, thousands of Viet Nam vets are still suffering from undiagnosed parasitic infections.

Medical parasitology includes study of parasites from four large phyla in the animal kingdom, namely, Protozoa (of the kingdom Protista), the Platyhelminthes (flatworms), the Nematodes (roundworms), and the Arthropoda (arachnids, crustaceans, insects, etc.). The worms and arthropods are multicellular organisms and often large enough to be seen with the naked eye. Some, like the tapeworms, may obtain lengths of several meters. Parasites, that live outside the body of a host are called Ectoparasites, which include fleas, mites, lice, ticks and leeches. Endoparasites live inside the body of a host, and include amoebas, worms, and flukes."

After much research, and upon discovering that Michael has become a host to various forms of microbes, we have taken a series of steps to rid Michael of parasites, and their associated bacteria, fungi, and viruses.

We make no attempt to cover the entire topic concerning microbes, parasites, bacteria, viruses, fungi, or all available species--we have simply focused on common ones and or those that have affected Michael's health and wellness.

Follow the links in the table (below) to learn more about the individual microbes, parasites, bacteria, viruses, fungi, etc.

MICROBES THAT AFFECT HUMAN HEALTH AND WELLNESS

PARASITES:

Phylum: Apicomplexa Class: Sporozoea Subclass: Coccidia Order: Eucoccidiorida Family: Cryptosporidiidae Genus: Cryptosporidium Species: parvum SC1, SC2

Phylum: Anthropoda Class: Arachnida Order: Acarina (mites & ticks) Family: Sacoccystidae Genus: Toxoplasma Species: gondii SG1, SG1

Phylum: Arthropoda Class: Insecta Order: Siphonaptera (fleas) Family: Genus: Ctenocephalides(cat and dog fleas) Species: canis (dog flea) SC1

Phylum: Arthropoda Class: Insecta Order: Siphonaptera (fleas) Family: Genus: Ctenocephalides(cat and dog fleas) Species: felis (cat flea) SC1

Phylum: Arthropoda Class: Insecta Order: Siphanoptera Family: Genus: Xenopsylla Species: cheopis SC1 Annoyance due to flea bites. Vector of Yersinia pestis (bubonic plague) and murine typhis(Rickettsia typhi). A flea that bites a host infected with Y. Pestis will become infected itself when bacteria divides and fills the proventriculus. The starving flea then goes from host to host trying to gain nutrition until it starves to death. It will leave a dead rat to find other live hosts, including humans or pets if no rats available

Phylum: Anthropoda Class: Arachnida Order: Acarina (mites & ticks) Superfamily: Ixodoidea Family: Ixodidae (hard ticks) Genus: Ixodes (deer tick) SI1

Phylum: Protozoa Subphylum: Sarcomastigophora Class: Trypanosomatidea Order: Trypanosomatida Family: Trypanosomatidae Genus: Trypanosoma Species: cruzi SC1, SC2 Causes American Trypanosomiasis, also known as Chagas Disease.

Phylum: Protozoa Subphylum: Sarcomastigophora Class: Trypanosomatidea Order: Trypanosomatida Family: Trypanosomatidae Genus: Leishmania Species: donovani SD1

Phylum: Protozoa Subphyllum: Sarcomastigophora Class: Phytomastigophorea Order: Trichomonadida Family: Trichomonadidae Genus: Trichomonas Species: foetus SF1, SF2

Phylum: Protozoa Subphylum: Sarcomastigophora Class: Order: Diplomonadida Family: Hexamitidae Genus: Giardia Species: lamblia SL1, SL2 Symptoms can range from asymptomatic to diarrhea, dehydration, camping, abdominal pain, and weight loss. The parasite can easily be eliminated from an immunocompetent host by the host's immune system. In an immunosuppressed individual this parasite can be fatal

Phylum: Protozoa Subphylum: Sarcomastigophora Class: Lobosea Order: Amoebida Suborder: Tubluina Family: Amoebae Genus: Entamoeba Species: histolytica SH1 Bloody diarrhea, Intestinal lesions, Peritonitis-hole in intestine, leaks into body cavity

Phylum: Protozoa Subphylum: Apicomplexa Class: Coccidia Order: Suborder: Family: Genus: Isospora Species: belli SB1, SB2 Acute infection includes, diarrhea with abdominal pain, which can last for weeks and result in malabsorption and weight loss. In immunocompermised individuals, the diarrhea can be severe. Eosinophilia may also be present.

Phylum: Protozoa Subphyllum: Ciliata Class: Kinetofragminophorea Subclass: Vestibulifera Order: Trichostomatida Family: Balantidiidae Genus: Balantidium Species: coli SC1, SC2

Phyllum:Platyhelminthes Class: Trematoda Subclass: Digena (the digenetic trematodes) Order: Echinostomatiformes Family: Fasciolidea Genus: Fasciola Species: hepatica SH1, SH2, SH3 SH4, SH4

Phyllum:Platyhelminthes Class: Trematoda Subclass: Digena (the digenetic trematodes) Order: Echinostomatiformes Family: Fasciolidea Genus: Fasciolopsis Species: buski SB1

Phyllum:Platyhelminthes Class: Trematoda (the flukes) Subclass: Digena (the digenetic trematodes) Order: Echinostomatiformes Family: Fasciolidea Genus: Fasciolopsis Species: gigantica SG1

Phyllum:Platyhelminthes Class: Cestoda Subclass: Eucestoda Order: Pseudophyllidea Family: Genus: Bothriocephalus

Phyllum:Platyhelminthes Class: Trematoda (the flukes) Subclass: Digena (the digenetic trematodes) Super order: Epitheliocystida Order: Plagiorchiida Family: Troglotrematidae Genus: Paragoniumus (lung parasite) Species: westermani (oriental lung fluke) SW1 Lung fluke in man and other carnivores (particularly cats)

Phyllum:Platyhelminthes Class: Trematoda (the flukes) Subclass: Digena (the digenetic trematodes) Super order: Epitheliocystida Order: Plagiorchiida Family: Dicrocoeliidae Genus: Dircocoelium Species: dendriticum ("Liver Fluke" parasite in the bile ducts) SD1, SD2 No damage occurs to the gut wall or liver parenchyma. There is biliary dysfunction. Anemia results from heavy infections. The bile ducts become inflamed and edema results. Fibrous tissue production occurs following inflammation of the bile ducts. Bile can back up, decreasing the function of the liver leading to cirrhosis and jaundice. Migrating juveniles produce ulcers in the eye, brain, skin, and lungs. Humans can be infected upon eating infected raw liver from sheep and cattle.

Phyllum:Platyhelminthes Class: Trematoda (the flukes) Subclass: Digena (the digenetic trematodes) Super order: Epitheliocystida Order: Plagiorchiida Family: Dicrocoeliidae Genus: Eurytrema Species: pancreaticum SP2, SP3, SP4

Phyllum:Platyhelminthes Class: Cercomeridea Subclass: Trematoda (the flukes) Subclass: Digena (the digenetic trematodes) Order: Digena Family: Schistomatidae Genus: Schistosoma Species: mansoni SM1

Phyllum:Platyhelminthes Class: Cestoda Subclass: Eucestoda Order: Pseudophyllidea Family: Diphyllobothridae Genus: Diphyllobothrium Species: latum (broadfish tapeworm) SL1, SL2, SL3 Host may experience abdominal pain, weight loss, weakness and nervous disorders--possibly attributable to the parasite's metabolic wastes. If found in the jejunum (the first two fifths of the small intestine beyond the duodenum), this tapeworm can successfully compete with the host for ingested vitamin B12. This vitamin is important in the synthesis of hemoglobin, and when deprived of B12, anemia, similar to pernicious anemia may result.

Phyllum:Platyhelminthes Class: Cestoda Subclass: Eucestoda Order: Cyclophyllidea OC1 Family: Taenidae FT1 Genus: Taenia Species: saginata SSa1, SSa1

Phyllum:Platyhelminthes Class: Cercomeridea Subclass: Trematoda (the flukes) Subclass: Digena (the digenetic trematodes) Super order: Epitheliocystida Order: Opisthorchiida Family: Ophisthorchiidae Genus: Clonorchis Species: sinensis (AKA: Opisthorchis s.) SS1, SS2, SS3, SS4 Parasite in the bile duct of humans and fish eating mammals

Phyllum:Platyhelminthes Class: Cestoda Subclass: Eucestoda Order: Cyclophyllidea OP1 Family: Taenidae FT1 Genus: Taenia Species: solium SSo1, SSo2

Phyllum:Platyhelminthes Class: Cestoda Subclass: Eucestoda Order: Cyclophyllidea OP1 Family: Taenidae FT1 Genus: Echinococcus Species: granulosus SG1 SG2

Phyllum:Platyhelminthes Class: Cestoda Subclass: Eucestoda Order: Cyclophyllidea OP1 Family: Taenidae FT1 Genus: Echinococcus Species: multiocularis SM1

Phyllum:Platyhelminthes Class: Cestoda Subclass: Eucestoda Order: Cyclophyllidea OP1 Family: Taenidae FT1 Genus: Echinococcus Species: Oligarthrus SO1

Phyllum:Platyhelminthes Class: Cestoda Subclass: Eucestoda Order: Cyclophyllidea OP1 Family: Taenidae FT1 Genus: Echinococcus Species: vogeli SV1

Phyllum:Platyhelminthes Class: Cestoda Subclass: Eucestoda Order: Cyclophyllidea OP1 Family: Taenidae FT1 Genus: Echinococcus Species: multilocularis SM1, SM2

Phyllum:Platyhelminthes Class: Cestoda Subclass: Eucestoda Order: Cyclophyllidea OP1 Family: Dilepididae Genus: Dipylidium Species: caninum SC1

Phyllum:Platyhelminthes Class: Cestoda Subclass: Eucestoda Order: Cyclophyllidea OP1 Family: Hymenolepididae Genus: Hymenolepis Species: nanum SN1, SN2, SN1

Phyllum:Platyhelminthes Class: Cestoda Subclass: Eucestoda Order: Cyclophyllidea OP1 Family: Hymenolepididae Genus: Hymenolepis Species: dimminuta SD1

Phyllum: Nematoda Class: Secernenta Subclass: Phasmidea Order: Rhabditida Superfamily: Rhabitoidea Family: Strongyloidae Genus: Micronema (Halicephalobus delatrix)

Phyllum: Nematoda Class: Secernenta Subclass: Phasmidea Order: Rhabditida Superfamily: Rhabitoidea Family: Strongyloidae Genus: Strongyloides Species: ratti SR1

Phyllum: Nematoda Class: Secernenta Subclass: Phasmidea Order: Rhabditida Superfamily: Rhabitoidea Family: Strongyloidae Genus: Strongyloides Species: stercoralis (threadworm) SS1, SS2 SS3, SS4, SS5 The infective larvae of S. stercoralis penetrate the skin of man, enter the venous circulation and pass through the right heart to lungs, where they penetrate into the alveoli. From there, the adolescent parasites ascend to the glottis, are swallowed, and reach the upper part of the small intestine, where they develop into adults. Ovipositing females develop in 28 days from infection. The eggs in the intestinal mucosa, hatch and develop into rhabditiform larvae in man. These larvae can penetrate through the mucosa and cycle back into the blood circulation, lung, glottis and duodenum and jejunum; thus they continue the auto infection cycle. Alternatively, they are passed in the feces, develop into infective filariform larvae and enter another host to complete the direct cycle. If no suitable host is found, the larvae mature into free-living worm and lay eggs in the soil. The eggs hatch in the soil and produce rhabditiform larvae which develope into infective filariform larvae and enter a new host (indirect cycle), or mature into adult worms to repeat the free-living cycle.

Phyllum: Class: Subclass: Order: Superfamily: Family: Protostrongyloidae Genus: Protostrongyllus Species: rufescens SR1 This family contains nematodes distributed among sheep, goats, African antelopes and deer. Most species are found in the lungs of their hosts but a few are found in predilections sites away from lungs, mainly veins of the central nervous system. Adult females of lung-dwelling species pass unembryonated eggs that develop into L1s in hosts’ lungs, pass up the bronchial tree to the trachea where they are coughed up, swallowed and pass in host feces. Adult females of other species deposit unembryonated eggs into veins in their predilection sites. These are carried to the lungs via the right heart and lodge there in small capillaries where they become encapsulated by the host inflammatory response and where L1s hatch and migrate into the alveoli and pass up the bronchial elevator to the trachea where they are swallowed and pass out in host feces. Intermediate hosts are an essential part of the life cycle of all members of this family and include a wide variety of terrestrial snails and slugs. Protostrongylus rufescens adults are found embedded in the small bronchi of sheep and goats. They are small, reddish worms from 1.5 cm to 3.5 cm long.

Phyllum: Nematoda Class: Secernentea Order: Strongylida Superfamily: Strongyloidea Family: Ancylostomatidae (hookworm) Subfamily: Ancylostominae Genus: Ancylostoma Species: braziliensis (dog hookworm) SB1, SB2 Creeping eruption is prevalent in many tropical and subtropical countries and in the US especially along the Gulf and southern Atlantic states. The organism is primarily a hookworm of dogs and cats but the filariform larvae in animal feces can infect man and cause skin eruptions. Since the larvae have a tendency to move around, the eruption migrates in the skin around the site of infection. The symptoms last the duration of larval persistence which ranges from 2 to 10 weeks. Light infection can be treated by freezing the involved area. Heavier infections are treated with Mebendazole. Infection can be avoided by keeping away from water and soil contaminated with infected feces

Phyllum: Nematoda Class: Secernentea Order: Strongylida Superfamily: Strongyloidea Family: Ancylostomatidae (hookworm) Subfamily: Ancylostominae Genus: Ancylostoma Species: caninum (dog hookworm) SC1, SC2, SC3, SC4

Phyllum: Nematoda Class: Secernentea Order: Strongylida Superfamily: Strongyloidea Family: Ancylostomatidae (hookworm) Subfamily: Ancylostominae Genus: Ancylostoma Species: duodenale (human hookworm) SD1, SD2, SD3 The life cycle of hookworms is identical to that of threadworms, except that hookworms are not capable of a free-living or auto-infectious cycle. Furthermore, A. duodenale can infect also by oral route.

Phyllum: Nematoda Class: Secernentea Order: Strongylida Superfamily: Strongyloidea Family: Ancylostomatidae (hookworm) Subfamily: Ancylostominae Genus: Ancylostoma Species: ceylanicum (hamster hookworm) SC1

Phyllum: Nematoda Class: Secernentea Subclass: Phasmidea Order: Strongylida Superfamily: Strongyloidea Family: Ancylostomatidae Subfamily: Bunostominae Genus: Necator Species: americanus (human or New World hookworm) SA1, SA2 The life cycle of hookworms is identical to that of threadworms, except that hookworms are not capable of a free-living or auto-infectious cycle. Furthermore, A. duodenale can infect also by oral route.

Phyllum:Nematoda Class: Secernentea Subclass: Phasmidea Order: Ascaridida Superfamily: Ascaridoidea Family: Ascaridae Genus: AscarisGA1 Species: lumbricoides (human roundworm, large) SL1, SL2, SL3, SL4

Phyllum:Nematoda Class: Secernentea Subclass: Phasmidea Order: Ascaridida Superfamily: Ascaridoidea Family: Ascaridae Genus: AscarisGA1 Species: suum (human roundworm, large) SS1, SS2

Phyllum:Nematoda Class: Secernentea Subclass: Phasmidea Order: Ascaridida Superfamily: Ascaridoidea Family: Ascaridae Genus: Toxocara Species: canis SC1, SC2 SC3 These are roundworms of dogs and cats but they can infect humans and cause damage of the visceral organs. Eggs from feces of infected animals are swallowed by man and hatch in the intestine. The larvae penetrate the mucosa, enter the circulation and are carried to liver, lungs, eyes and other organs where they cause inflammatory necrosis. Symptoms are due to the inflammatory reaction at the site of infection. The most serious consequence of infection may be loss of sight if the worm localizes in the eye. Treatment includes Mebendazole to eliminate the worm and prednisone for inflammatory symptoms. Avoidance of infected dogs and cats is the best prevention.

Phyllum: Nematoda Class: Secerentea Subclass: Phasmidea Order: Oxyurida (pinworms) Family: Oxyuridae Superfamily: Onchocercidae Genus: Enterobius (human pinworms) Species: vermicularis (common human pinworm) SV1 SV2, SV3

Phyllum: Nematoda Class: Secernentea Subclass: Spiruria Order: Spirurida Suborder: Spirurina Superfamily: Filarioidea (filards) Family: Filariidae Genus: Dirofilaria (heartworm) Species: immitis (dog heartworm) SI1, SI2, SI3

Phyllum: Nematoda Class: Secernentea Subclass: Spiruria Order: Spirurida Suborder: Spirurina Superfamily: Filarioidea (filards) Family: Filariidae Genus: Loa Species: Loa(eyeworm) SL1

Phyllum: Nematoda Class: Secernentea Subclass: Spiruria Order: Spirurida Suborder: Spirurina Superfamily: Filarioidea (filards) Family: Filariidae Genus: Wuchereria Species: bancrofti SB1 Filariform larvae enter the human body during a mosquito bite and migrate to various tissues. There, they may take up to a year to mature and produce microfilaria which migrate to lymphatics (figure 19) and, at night, enter the blood circulation. Mosquitos are infected during a blood meal. The microfilaria grow 4 to 5 fold in the mosquito in 10 to 14 days and become infective for man. Lymphatic Filariasis (elephantiasis) in man.

Phyllum: Nematoda Class: Secernentea Subclass: Spiruria Order: Spirurida Suborder: Spirurina Superfamily: Filarioidea (filards) Family: Filariidae Genus: Wuchereria Species: brugia malayi SM1, SM1 Filariform larvae enter the human body during a mosquito bite and migrate to various tissues. There, they may take up to a year to mature and produce microfilaria which migrate to lymphatics (figure 19) and, at night, enter the blood circulation. Mosquitos are infected during a blood meal. The microfilaria grow 4 to 5 fold in the mosquito in 10 to 14 days and become infective for man. Lymphatic Filariasis (elephantiasis) in man.

Phyllum: Nematoda Class: Secernentea Subclass: Spiruria Order: Spirurida Suborder: Spirurina Superfamily: Filarioidea (filards) Family: Filariidae Genus: Mansonella Species: ozzardi SL1

Phylum: Nematoda Class: Secernentea Order: Spirurida Suborder: Camallanata Family: Dracunculidae Genus: Dracunculus Species: medinensis SM1, SM2, Three major disease conditions can occur from Dracunculus infection: 1. Emergent adult females cause hot and painful blisters; 2. Secondary bacterial infections; 3. Nonemergent worms that die under skin cause allergic reactions that could lead to death

Phyllum: Nematoda Class: Nematoda Subclass: Aphasmidia Order: Enoplida Family: Trichinellidae Superfamily: Trichuroidea Genus: Trichinella Species: spiralis (trichinosis in man) SS1, SS2, SS3, SS4, Adults in intestine, larvae encysted in muscles of the same host, (acting as a sort of "intermediate host" tissue). Infection by ingestion of contaminated meat containing encysted larvae)

Phyllum: Nematoda Class: Adenophorasida Order: Trichurata Family: Genus: Trichuris (whipworm) Species: Trichiura (human whipworm) ST1 Adults in intestine. Infection by ingestion of eggs containing larvae.

Phylum: Nematoda Class: Adenophorasida Order: Trichurata Family: Trichuridae Genus: Trichuris (whipworm) Species: trichiura ST1 While light infections are often asymptomatic, heavy infections can produce abdominal pain, diarrhea, internal bleeding, bowel obstruction, and loss of muscle tone. Pathology also results from the mature worms migrating to other areas of the body in search of a mate. Whipworm is the third most common nematode infection in humans behind Ascarids and human pinworm (E. vermicularis).

Phylum: Sub Phylum: Sarcodina Super Class: Rhizopodea Class: Order: Family: Genus: Naegleria Species: fowleri GN1, GN2 Naegleria fowleri is found worldwide. Most commonly, the ameba is found in the soil and in warm bodies of fresh water, such as lakes, rivers, and hot springs, unchlorinated swimming pools, and in warm water discharge pools from industrial plants. Infections are rare. The ameba enters the body through the nose and travels to the brain and spinal cord while the person is swimming underwater or diving. Infection is most common during the dry, hot summer months, when the temperature is above 800 F and the water is warm.

BACTERIA

Anaerobic Bacteria:

Actinomyces

Bacterioides

Clostridium botulinum http://www.cfsan.fda.gov/~mow/chap2.html

Clostridium perfringens http://www.cfsan.fda.gov/~mow/chap2.html

Escherichia coli (E-coli)

Haemophilus

Klebsiella

Neisseria meningitidis

Salmonella

Vibrio

Staphylococcus aureus

Aerobic Bacteria:

Bacillus Legionella

Campylobacter jejuni

Corynebacterium Brucella

Enterococcus Bordetella

Listeria monocytogenes

Mycobacterium Leptospira

Nocardia Borrelia

Proteus Mycoplasma

Proteus vulgaris

Pseudomonas Chlamydia

Shigella

Shigella Rickettsia

Streptococcus

Yersinia enterocolitica

Yersinia pseudotuberculosis

Yersinia pestis

FUNGUS

Candida

Aspergillus flavus

Aspergillus parasiticus

Epidermophyton(a causative agent for athlete's foot, yellow nails, skin/scalp/beard disorders in humans)

Microsporum

Trichophyton(a causative agent for athlete's foot, yellow nails, skin/scalp/beard disorders in humans)

Trichophyton(a causative agent for athlete's foot, yellow nails, skin/scalp/beard disorders in humans)

VIRUSES

Herpes

Coxsalic

Adenovirus

Cytomegalovirus (CMV) A member of the Herpes virus group.

Varicella disease (Chickenpox)

Herpes zoster (Shingles)

Epstein-Barr Virus (EBV) A member of the herpes virus family.

MYCOTOXINS

Aflatoxins http://www.cfsan.fda.gov/~mow/chap41.html

METALS

Lead

Mercury The Food and Drug Administration’s (FDA) Food Advisory Committee (FAC) will meet on December 10-11, 2003 to receive an update regarding the recommendations made during the July 2002 FAC regarding fish consumption and methylmercury. The revisions have resulted in the first unified FDA and EPA revised advisory concerning all fish and shellfish consumption for populations at risk from exposure to high mercury levels: pregnant women, nursing mothers, women who may become pregnant, and young children. In addition, the FAC will review reports from subcommittees: Infant Formula, Contaminants and Natural Toxicants, Dietary Supplements, Additives and Ingredients and Food Biotechnology. The meeting will be held at the Hotel Washington, Pennsylvania Avenue at 15th Street, Washington, D.C. 20004-1009. In July 2002, FDA’s Food Advisory Committee met and made several recommendations to FDA on how to revise its consumer advisory on methylmercury in fish with special concern for pregnant women, nursing mothers, women who may become pregnant, and young children. One of these was for FDA and EPA to coordinate mercury advisories on commercial fish and recreational fish. Additionally, they recommended that the issue of tuna consumption be addressed.

OTHER

PCB's

Phyllum: Platyhelminthes

Class: Cestoda

Class: Trematoda

Order: Pseudophyllidea

Order: Cyclophyllidea

Family: Dicrocoeliidae

Genus: Bothriocephalus

Family: Taenidae

Family: Ancylostomatidae

Genus: Ancylostoma

Genus: Strongyloides

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United States. Army. MSMR May, 1996 Vol. 02 / No. 05 Page 7 "Strongyloides Stercoralis hyperinfection, Fort Drum, New York" http://amsa.army.mil/1Msmr/1996/v02_n05_Article2.htm

United States. Food & Drug Administration. Center for Food Safety & Applied Nutrition. Foodborne Pathogenic Microorganisms and Natural Toxins Handbook. "The "Bad Bug Book" http://www.cfsan.fda.gov/~mow/intro.html

United States. National Institutes of Health. National Center for Biotechnology Information. National Library of Medicine. "Parasitoses and Immunodepression" http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=14658228&dopt=Abstract

United States. National Center for Health Services. Center for Disease Control. "Draft ICD-10-CM Tabular list of Diseases and Injuries: Instructional Notations" http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/icd9/draft_i10tabular.pdf

United States. National Center for Health Services. Center for Disease Control. "Diagnosis and Management of Foodborne Illnesses: A Primer for Physicians" http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/rr5002a1.htm

United States. National Center for Health Services. Center for Disease Control. " " http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/icd9/draft_i10tabular.pdf

University of South Carolina. Microbiology and Immunology On-Line (MBIM). "Parasitology: Part Four" http://www.med.sc.edu:85/parasitology/nematodes.htm

University of Wisconsin-Madision Department of Biology. Bacteriology 330 Home Page. Bacteria of Meical Importance http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi

WebHealth.co.uk Gut Parasites http://www.webhealth.co.uk/Research_Articles_Relating_to_/About_Parasites_Research/about_parasites_research.html

Winona State University. A Parasite Guide: Parasitology

Internet research topics:
Parasite, zoonosis, communicable diseases, animals, humans, household pets, cat, cats, dog, dogs, immune competent, immune compromised persons, host, immune system, virus, bacteria phytoparasites, zooparasites, ectoparasites, endoparasites, body stressors, human disease, promote health and wellness, promotion of health and wellness, wellness, disease, dis-ease, microbes, Apicomplex, Anthropoda, Arachnida Arthropoda, insecta, cryptosporidium parvum, toxoplasma gondii, ctenocephalides canis, ctenocephalides felis, xenophylla chepois, ixodes, trypanosoma cruzi, leishmania donovani, trichomonas foetus, giardia lamblia, entamoeba histolytica, isopora belli, balantidium coli, fasciola hepatica, fasciolopsis buski, fasciolopsis gigantica, bothriocephalus, paragoniumus westermani, protozoa.

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